Industrial symbiosis represents a transformative approach to sustainable industrial development, where waste or by-products from one industry become valuable inputs for another. This circular model reduces environmental impact, optimizes resource use, and fosters collaboration among industries.
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy storage systems, and portable electronics has led to an unprecedented demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As these batteries reach the end of their life, recycling becomes essential to recover valuable materials, reduce environmental impact, and ensure resource security.
